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- Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and risk of breast cancer; a systematic review and meta-analysis
Retrovirology. 2024 Dec 3;21(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12977-024-00653-y.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The role of viruses in the development of breast cancer has been a subject of debate and extensive research over the past few decades. Several studies have examined the association between Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection and the risk of developing breast cancer; however, their findings have yielded inconsistent results. To address this uncertainty, the purpose of the present study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine any potential association between BLV and breast cancer.
METHODS: The literature search was performed by finding related articles from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and ScienceDirect databases. Statistical analysis was conducted using the meta package in R Studio and Review Manager 5.1. The I2 test was used to assess between-study heterogeneity. The Mantel-Haenszel method calculated the pooled odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval. Studies were divided into subgroups for comparison.
RESULTS: The literature search identified a total of 17 studies that were deemed suitable for inclusion in the systematic review. Out of these 17 studies, 12 were used in the subsequent meta-analysis. Combining the data from these eligible studies, we calculated the pooled multi-factor adjusted odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI). Considering the heterogeneity observed across the studies, the result obtained using the fixed effects model was 2.12 (1.77, 2.54). However, upon removing the six studies that contributed significantly to the heterogeneity, the pooled OR with a 95% CI was recalculated to be 3.92 (2.98, 5.16).
CONCLUSION: The result of this study suggests that BLV infection is statistically associated with Breast cancer.
PMID:39623467 | DOI:10.1186/s12977-024-00653-y
- New approaches in bovine spermatozoa evaluation and their relationship with male fertility
Anim Reprod Sci. 2024 Nov 26;272:107656. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107656. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Male fertility potential depends on physical, endocrine, and genetic factors responsible for producing functional male gametes. Although the main function of the male gamete, the spermatozoon, is to deliver its genetic material to the oocyte, this premise has been modified over the past few years. It is believed that the spermatozoon provides essential factors for fertilization and pre-implantation embryo development. A viable/healthy spermatozoon has functional subcellular compartments (nucleus, acrosome, midpiece, and flagellum) due to the actions of proteins, transcripts, and epigenetic marks in the organelles present in them that have important roles in reproductive biology. Male fertility potential reflects viable spermatozoa with proper function. Therefore, new approaches to functional sperm analysis are essential. Additionally, intrinsic factors and sperm molecules constitute potential biomarkers of viable spermatozoa and male fertility. Among these factors are proteins, the genome, and coding and non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs, that act during fertilization and early embryo development. Research has been seeking increasingly efficient tools to predict fertility and functional studies of these molecules through gene and protein expression. Thus, analytical tools are essential to identify and classify viable and functional spermatozoa, to evaluate assisted reproductive male potential.
PMID:39616724 | DOI:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107656
- Regulatory T cells in bovine fertility: Current understanding and future prospects
Anim Reprod Sci. 2024 Nov 26;272:107655. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107655. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have emerged as crucial players in maintaining maternal-fetal tolerance and promoting successful pregnancy outcomes. This review examines the importance of these cells in pregnancy, drawing on human and animal-based studies, with a focus on their role in bovine fertility. Tregs employ various mechanisms to mediate maternal-fetal tolerance, including regulation of effector T-cell responses, interactions with innate immune cells in the uterine microenvironment, and modulation of trophoblast function. In humans, Treg dynamics during normal pregnancy and alterations in pregnancy complications provide compelling evidence for their involvement in maintaining fetal-maternal harmony. Animal models, particularly mouse studies, have further elucidated the importance of Tregs in preventing fetal rejection and promoting successful pregnancy outcomes. The review also explores the characterization of bovine Tregs, highlighting their similarities and unique features compared to human and rodent counterparts. Recent studies have indicated the presence and potential significance of Tregs in the bovine uterine environment during early pregnancy. Translational applications of Treg research in livestock fertility are discussed, with a focus on immunomodulatory strategies for enhancing Treg function, such as antigen-specific tolerance induction, pharmacological targeting of Treg pathways, and cell-based therapies using autologous or allogeneic Tregs. The review concludes by emphasizing the potential impact of Treg-based strategies on the livestock industry and the broader implications for human reproductive health. Future research directions are outlined, underscoring the need for further investigations into the role of Tregs in bovine reproductive tissues and their relationship with fertility outcomes.
PMID:39616725 | DOI:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107655
- The bioactive potential of cheese whey peptides from different animal origins (bovine, goat, sheep, buffalo, and camel): A systematic review and meta-analysis
Food Res Int. 2024 Nov;196:115053. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115053. Epub 2024 Sep 7.
ABSTRACT
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to compile information on the bioactive potential of peptides derived from cheese whey from various animal sources, including cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, and camels. The systematic search yielded 955 results, with the primary reasons for exclusion being studies that did not utilize cheese whey as a product or did not assess key bioactivities such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, and anti-aging effects. Ultimately, 36 articles met the inclusion criteria. Among the methods used to evaluate the antioxidant potential of protein hydrolysates, the 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay was identified as the most effective. Peptides derived from cheese whey proteins demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both filamentous fungi and bacteria. However, the review revealed a significant gap in studies investigating the anti-aging properties of these peptides. Notably, β-lactoglobulin contains peptide sequences embedded within its three-dimensional structure that may exhibit various bioactive properties. Overall, the findings highlight that cheese whey, irrespective of its animal origin, is a high-value co-product with excellent potential for biotechnological applications, particularly in the production of bioactive peptides.
PMID:39614489 | DOI:10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115053
- Variations in Bovine Milk Proteins and Processing Conditions and Their Effect on Protein Digestibility in Humans: A Review of In Vivo and In Vitro Studies
Foods. 2024 Nov 19;13(22):3683. doi: 10.3390/foods13223683.
ABSTRACT
Bovine milk proteins account for 10% of the global protein supply, which justifies the importance of thoroughly understanding their digestive processes. Extensive research on digestion is being conducted both in vivo and in vitro. However, interpretations and comparisons across different studies require a thorough understanding of the methodologies used. Both the rate and extent of milk protein digestion can be affected by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors with potential implications for overall digestibility and physiological responses. Among intrinsic factors, the impact of genetic variants in native milk proteins has emerged as a growing research area. To these, further complexity is added by the processing conditions frequently applied to milk prior to consumption. The main aim of this work is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the impact of variations in milk protein profiles (particularly whey: casein ratio and protein polymorphisms), the treatments applied during processing (pasteurisation, homogenisation) and consumption (temperature changes) on protein digestion. To support the interpretation of the current literature, this manuscript also presents a historical perspective into research in this field and summarizes the protocols that are most frequently used, presently, on in vitro digestion studies.
PMID:39594097 | PMC:PMC11594227 | DOI:10.3390/foods13223683
- Recent Role of Microorganisms of the Mollicutes Class in the Etiology of Bovine Respiratory Disease
Pathogens. 2024 Oct 31;13(11):951. doi: 10.3390/pathogens13110951.
ABSTRACT
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) inflicts significant losses in cattle farming worldwide and is caused by the co-occurrence of various infectious agents which is often compounded by environmental factors. It is well known that microorganisms of the Mollicutes class are responsible for respiratory disorders in cattle, including BRD. This review highlights the current role of these microorganisms, in particular Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma dispar, in the etiology of this disease complex, which has recently shifted toward a primary or predominant cause of the disease.
PMID:39599504 | PMC:PMC11597336 | DOI:10.3390/pathogens13110951
- Benefits of Camel Milk over Cow and Goat Milk for Infant and Adult Health in Fighting Chronic Diseases: A Review
Nutrients. 2024 Nov 10;16(22):3848. doi: 10.3390/nu16223848.
ABSTRACT
The nutritional composition, antimicrobial properties, and health benefits of camel milk (CAM), cow milk (COM), and goat milk (GOM) have been extensively studied for their roles in managing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This review compares these milk types’ nutritional and therapeutic properties, emphasizing their applications in chronic disease management. CAM is rich in insulin-like proteins, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds that benefit glycemic control and cardiovascular health. It also exhibits potent antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering effects, which are crucial for managing diabetes and reducing CVD risk factors. While COM and GOM provide essential nutrients, their impact on metabolic health differs. GOM is known for its digestibility and antihypertensive properties, whereas COM’s higher lactose content may be less suitable for diabetic patients. CAM’s unique nutritional profile offers distinct therapeutic benefits, particularly for diabetes and CVD management. Further research is needed to clarify its mechanisms of action and optimize its clinical application for chronic disease prevention and management.
PMID:39599634 | PMC:PMC11597306 | DOI:10.3390/nu16223848
- Stress Can Induce Bovine Alpha-Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) Reactivation from Latency
Viruses. 2024 Oct 27;16(11):1675. doi: 10.3390/v16111675.
ABSTRACT
Bovine alpha-herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a significant problem for the cattle industry, in part because the virus establishes latency, and stressful stimuli increase the incidence of reactivation from latency. Sensory neurons in trigeminal ganglia and unknown cells in pharyngeal tonsils are importantsites for latency. Reactivation from latency can lead to reproductive problems in pregnant cows, virus transmission to young calves, suppression of immune responses, and bacterial pneumonia. BoHV-1 is also a significant cofactor in bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Stress, as mimicked by the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone, reproducibly initiates reactivation from latency. Stress-mediated activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) stimulates viral replication and transactivation of viral promoters that drive the expression of infected cell protein 0 (bICP0) and bICP4. Notably, GR and Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) form a feed-forward transcription loop that cooperatively transactivates immediate early transcription unit 1 (IEtu1 promoter). Two pioneer transcription factors, GR and KLF4, cooperatively transactivate the bICP0 early promoter. Pioneer transcription factors bind silent viral heterochromatin, remodel chromatin, and activate gene expression. Thus, wepredict that these novel transcription factors mediate early stages of BoHV-1 reactivation from latency.
PMID:39599791 | PMC:PMC11599084 | DOI:10.3390/v16111675
- Emerging Threats of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) in US Dairy Cattle: Understanding Cross-Species Transmission Dynamics in Mammalian Hosts
Viruses. 2024 Oct 30;16(11):1703. doi: 10.3390/v16111703.
ABSTRACT
The rapid geographic spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in poultry, wild birds, and other mammalian hosts, including humans, raises significant health concerns globally. The recent emergence of HPAI A(H5N1) in agricultural animals such as cattle and goats indicates the ability of the virus to breach unconventional host interfaces, further expanding the host range. Among the four influenza types-A, B, C, and D, cattle are most susceptible to influenza D infection and serve as a reservoir for this seven-segmented influenza virus. It is generally thought that bovines are not hosts for other types of influenza viruses, including type A. However, this long-standing viewpoint has been challenged by the recent outbreaks of HPAI A(H5N1) in dairy cows in the United States. To date, HPAI A(H5N1) has spread into fourteen states, affecting 299 dairy herds and causing clinical symptoms such as reduced appetite, fever, and a sudden drop in milk production. Infected cows can also transmit the disease through raw milk. This review article describes the current epidemiological landscape of HPAI A(H5N1) in US dairy cows and its interspecies transmission events in other mammalian hosts reported across the globe. The review also discusses the viral determinants of tropism, host range, adaptative mutations of HPAI A(H5N1) in various mammalian hosts with natural and experimental infections, and vaccination strategies. Finally, it summarizes some immediate questions that need to be addressed for a better understanding of the infection biology, transmission, and immune response of HPAI A(H5N1) in bovines.
PMID:39599818 | PMC:PMC11598956 | DOI:10.3390/v16111703
- Interactions Between Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cattle: Aspects of Pathogenesis and Immunity
Viruses. 2024 Nov 8;16(11):1753. doi: 10.3390/v16111753.
ABSTRACT
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a major respiratory pathogen in cattle and is relevant to the livestock industry worldwide. BRSV is most severe in young calves and is often associated with stressful management events. The disease is responsible for economic losses due to lower productivity, morbidity, mortality, and prevention and treatment costs. As members of the same genus, bovine and human RSV share a high degree of homology and are similar in terms of their genomes, transmission, clinical signs, and epidemiology. This overlap presents an opportunity for One Health approaches and translational studies, with dual benefits; however, there is still a relative lack of studies focused on BRSV, and the continued search for improved prophylaxis highlights the need for a deeper understanding of its immunological features. BRSV employs different host-immunity-escaping mechanisms that interfere with effective long-term memory responses to current vaccines and natural infections. This review presents an updated description of BRSV’s immunity processes, such as the PRRs and signaling pathways involved in BRSV infection, aspects of its pathogeny, and the evading mechanisms developed by the virus to thwart the immune response.
PMID:39599867 | PMC:PMC11598946 | DOI:10.3390/v16111753