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- Research Progress and Applications of Bovine Genome in the Tribe Bovini
Genes (Basel). 2024 Apr 18;15(4):509. doi: 10.3390/genes15040509.
ABSTRACT
Various bovine species have been domesticated and bred for thousands of years, and they provide adequate animal-derived products, including meat, milk, and leather, to meet human requirements. Despite the review studies on economic traits in cattle, the genetic basis of traits has only been partially explained by phenotype and pedigree breeding methods, due to the complexity of genomic regulation during animal development and growth. With the advent of next-generation sequencing technology, genomics projects, such as the 1000 Bull Genomes Project, Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes project, and Bovine Pangenome Consortium, have advanced bovine genomic research. These large-scale genomics projects gave us a comprehensive concept, technology, and public resources. In this review, we summarize the genomics research progress of the main bovine species during the past decade, including cattle (Bos taurus), yak (Bos grunniens), water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), zebu (Bos indicus), and gayal (Bos frontalis). We mainly discuss the development of genome sequencing and functional annotation, focusing on how genomic analysis reveals genetic variation and its impact on phenotypes in several bovine species.
PMID:38674443 | DOI:10.3390/genes15040509
- Metabolic Syndrome and Biotherapeutic Activity of Dairy (Cow and Buffalo) Milk Proteins and Peptides: Fast Food-Induced Obesity Perspective-A Narrative Review
Biomolecules. 2024 Apr 14;14(4):478. doi: 10.3390/biom14040478.
ABSTRACT
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined by the outcome of interconnected metabolic factors that directly increase the prevalence of obesity and other metabolic diseases. Currently, obesity is considered one of the most relevant topics of discussion because an epidemic heave of the incidence of obesity in both developing and underdeveloped countries has been reached. According to the World Obesity Atlas 2023 report, 38% of the world population are presently either obese or overweight. One of the causes of obesity is an imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure, where nutritional imbalance due to consumption of high-calorie fast foods play a pivotal role. The dynamic interactions among different risk factors of obesity are highly complex; however, the underpinnings of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia for obesity incidence are recognized. Fast foods, primarily composed of soluble carbohydrates, non-nutritive artificial sweeteners, saturated fats, and complexes of macronutrients (protein-carbohydrate, starch-lipid, starch-lipid-protein) provide high metabolic calories. Several experimental studies have pointed out that dairy proteins and peptides may modulate the activities of risk factors of obesity. To justify the results precisely, peptides from dairy milk proteins were synthesized under in vitro conditions and their contributions to biomarkers of obesity were assessed. Comprehensive information about the impact of proteins and peptides from dairy milks on fast food-induced obesity is presented in this narrative review article.
PMID:38672494 | DOI:10.3390/biom14040478
- Health-Related Outcomes and Molecular Methods for the Characterization of A1 and A2 Cow's Milk: Review and Update
Vet Sci. 2024 Apr 12;11(4):172. doi: 10.3390/vetsci11040172.
ABSTRACT
A new trend in cow’s milk has emerged in the market called type A1 and A2 milk. These products have piqued the interest of both consumers and researchers. Recent studies suggest that A2 milk may have potential health benefits beyond that of A1 milk, which is why researchers are investigating this product further. It is interesting to note that the A1 and A2 milk types have area-specific characteristics compared to breed-specific characteristics. Extensive research has focused on milk derivatives obtained from cow’s milk, primarily through in vitro and animal studies. However, few clinical studies have been conducted in humans, and the results have been unsatisfactory. New molecular techniques for identifying A1 and A2 milk may help researchers develop new studies that can clarify certain controversies surrounding A1 milk. It is essential to exercise extreme caution when interpreting the updated literature. It has the potential to spread panic worldwide and have negative economic implications. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the differences between A1 and A2 milk in various research areas and clarify some aspects regarding these two types of milk.
PMID:38668439 | DOI:10.3390/vetsci11040172
- Graduate Student Literature Review: Role of antioxidants in calf immunity, growth, and health
J Dairy Sci. 2024 Apr 24:S0022-0302(24)00766-5. doi: 10.3168/jds.2023-23988. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
The neonatal period for dairy calves is crucial for immune, metabolic, and physical development, which opens a window of disease susceptibility. Although the industry has relied on tools such as colostrum and vaccination to support early life immunity, there are several challenges when vaccinating neonatal calves: (1) the inability to mount an effective immune response, (2) interference with maternal antibodies, and (3) oxidative stress (OS). Oxidative stress, which is characterized as an imbalance of pro-oxidants to antioxidants, results in cellular oxidative damage or dysfunction, or both.. Oxidative stress has become a topic of interest in the neonatal period because it negatively affects lymphocyte function, which might affect vaccine response. Widely studied in mature cattle, antioxidant supplementation has the potential to improve reduction-oxidation balance and immune response. Evidence supporting the use of antioxidants such as vitamins and minerals in neonatal calves is far scarcer but necessary to optimize immunity and disease resistance. This review summarizes research on the effect of antioxidant supplementation on calf immunity, health, and productivity and highlights remaining gaps in knowledge. Overall, micronutrient supplementation, including vitamins and minerals, in preweaning and postweaning calves improved immune responses but there is conflicting evidence supporting the subsequent positive effect on calf health and growth performance.
PMID:38670342 | DOI:10.3168/jds.2023-23988
- When the solution becomes the problem: a review on antimicrobial resistance in dairy cattle
Future Microbiol. 2024 Apr 25. doi: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0232. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Antibiotics’ action, once a ‘magic bullet’, is now hindered by widespread microbial resistance, creating a global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis. A primary driver of AMR is the selective pressure from antimicrobial use. Between 2000 and 2015, antibiotic consumption increased by 65%, reaching 34.8 billion tons, 73% of which was used in animals. In the dairy cattle sector, antibiotics are crucial for treating diseases like mastitis, posing risks to humans, animals and potentially leading to environmental contamination. To address AMR, strategies like selective dry cow therapy, alternative treatments (nanoparticles, phages) and waste management innovations are emerging. However, most solutions are in development, emphasizing the urgent need for further research to tackle AMR in dairy farms.
PMID:38661710 | DOI:10.2217/fmb-2023-0232
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms of growth hormone gene in cattle and their association with growth traits: a systematic review
Trop Anim Health Prod. 2024 Apr 25;56(4):141. doi: 10.1007/s11250-024-03985-1.
ABSTRACT
Growth traits in livestock animals are quantitative parameters, which are often controlled by many genes including growth hormone (GH) gene. However, the evidence of effect of GH gene on growth traits of cattle is poorly understood. Hence, the objective of the study was to systematically investigate the literature on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of GH gene and their association with growth traits in cattle from four databases Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. The results indicated that fifteen (n = 15) articles with 27% of them from Indonesia qualified to be used in this study after screening. The results revealed five SNPs (1047T > C, 1180 C > T, 86,273,136 A/G, 3338 A > G and 4251 C > T) occurred across multiple investigated breeds with no common identified SNPs. Six articles observed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between growth traits and genotypes of identified SNPs. The findings showed that 7 articles (47%) investigated body weight (BW) with 6 (40%) of them found non-significant and 1 (7%) found a significant association with genotypes of the identified SNPs (3338 A > G). While 7 articles (47%) investigated weaning weight (WW) with 5 (33%) of them revealed a non-significant and 2 (13%) found a significant association with genotypes of identified SNPs (3338 A > G and 4251 C > T). This study shows that there is a lack of evidence on effect of growth hormone gene on growth traits in cattle. However, more studies are recommended for further validation of the identified SNPs and effect of growth hormone gene on growth traits in cattle.
PMID:38662270 | PMC:PMC11045646 | DOI:10.1007/s11250-024-03985-1
- Cow milk is an important source of iodine for prenatal health, and switching to plant-based milk can lead to iodine insufficiencies
JDS Commun. 2024 Feb 1;5(3):181-184. doi: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0424. eCollection 2024 May.
ABSTRACT
Iodine insufficiencies are common among many populations, particularly pregnant women. One of the main functions of iodine is making thyroid hormone. The 2 main hormones that iodine influences are triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Thyroid hormone affects metabolism of most tissues. For the average adult, the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for iodine is 150 µg. During certain stages of life, such as pregnancy, lactation, and infancy, the importance of iodine is even greater as it supports brain, bone, and organ development. The RDA for iodine during pregnancy is 220 µg and, during breastfeeding, the RDA is 290 µg. Consuming enough iodine in the diet during pregnancy helps support fetal neurodevelopment. Iodine is found in several food sources such as seafood and iodized salt; however, dairy products are one of the major sources of iodine in American diets. It is important to note that only bovine milk products are rich in this mineral. One cup of milk provides 39% and 57% of the daily iodine needs for the average adult woman and pregnant woman, respectively. As the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommend limiting sodium intake, which includes iodized salt, dairy may be an especially important source of iodine. However, according to the USDA, about 90% of the US population does not meet the dairy recommendations presented in the DGA. In recent years, plant-based diets have received a lot of attention. A market for plant-based milk alternatives has grown and includes a variety of options such as almond, soy, and oat milk. Plant-based milks do not naturally contain iodine and are typically not fortified with iodine. Women of childbearing age who drink plant-based milks instead of cow milk have lower urinary iodine concentrations than women who consume cow milk. This review will focus on the importance of iodine in the diet to support prenatal health, lactation, and infant health.
PMID:38646574 | PMC:PMC11026965 | DOI:10.3168/jdsc.2023-0424
- Diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus: an overview of currently available methods
Front Microbiol. 2024 Apr 5;15:1370050. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1370050. eCollection 2024.
ABSTRACT
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), which results in significant economic losses in the global cattle industry. Fortunately, various diagnostic methods available for BVDV have been established. They include etiological methods, such as virus isolation (VI); serological methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and immunohistochemistry (IHC); molecular methods, such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR, digital droplet PCR (ddPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), and CRISPR-Cas system; and biosensors. This review summarizes the current diagnostic methods for BVDV, discussing their advantages and disadvantages, and proposes future perspectives for the diagnosis of BVDV, with the intention of providing valuable guidance for effective diagnosis and control of BVD disease.
PMID:38646626 | PMC:PMC11026595 | DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1370050
- Review: Opportunities and challenges for the genetic selection of dairy calf disease traits
Animal. 2024 Mar 22:101141. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101141. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Interest in dairy cow health continues to grow as we better understand health’s relationship with production potential and animal welfare. Over the past decade, efforts have been made to incorporate health traits into national genetic evaluations. However, they have focused on the mature cow, with calf health largely being neglected. Diarrhoea and respiratory disease comprise the main illnesses with regard to calf health. Conventional methods to control calf disease involve early separation of calves from the dam and housing calves individually. However, public concern regarding these methods, and growing evidence that these methods may negatively impact calf development, mean the dairy industry may move away from these practices. Genetic selection may be a promising tool to address these major disease issues. In this review, we examined current literature for enhancing calf health through genetics and discussed alternative approaches to improve calf health via the use of epidemiological modelling approaches, and the potential of indirectly selecting for improved calf health through improving colostrum quality. Heritability estimates on the observed scale for diarrhoea ranged from 0.03 to 0.20, while for respiratory disease, estimates ranged from 0.02 to 0.24. The breadth in these ranges is due, at least in part, to differences in disease prevalence, population structure, data editing and models, as well as data collection practices, which should be all considered when comparing literature values. Incorporation of epidemiological theory into quantitative genetics provides an opportunity to better determine the level of genetic variation in disease traits, as it accounts for disease transmission among contemporaries. Colostrum intake is a major determinant of whether a calf develops either respiratory disease or diarrhoea. Colostrum traits have the advantage of being measured and reported on a continuous scale, which removes the issues classically associated with binary disease traits. Overall, genetic selection for improved calf health is feasible. However, to ensure the maximum response, first steps by any industry members should focus efforts on standardising recording practices and encouragement of uploading information to genetic evaluation centres through herd management software, as high-quality phenotypes are the backbone of any successful breeding programme.
PMID:38641517 | DOI:10.1016/j.animal.2024.101141
- The Portuguese mertolenga cattle breed: a review
Trop Anim Health Prod. 2024 Apr 18;56(4):129. doi: 10.1007/s11250-024-03976-2.
ABSTRACT
This review summarizes the state of the art regarding the phylogenetic origins, recent history and present-day main traits and uses of the Mertolenga cattle breed from Southern Portugal, particularly those related to production performances and product quality. Named after the historical city of Mértola, in southern Portugal, the Mertolenga is one of the fifteen autochthonous bovine breeds of Portugal. It is a cattle breed thoroughly adapted to the poor Mediterranean pastures of the southern regions of the Iberian Peninsula. It is used predominantly in an extensive to semi-intensive sylvopastoral production system called montado, where pastures are combined with helm and cork trees. Its productive traits allow for a good adaptation to the intense dry heat and pasture shortage during the summer, and compensatory growth in autumn and spring, when pastures regenerate. They are small to medium sized animals, with well-balanced bodies, roan, red, or, less often, red-spotted coats, and known for their nervous temperament. Although this breed experienced a severe decline in numbers in the 1970s and classified as endangered in the 1990s, the work of a few breeders led to the establishment of larger Mertolenga breed inventories, starting from a limited base. For this reason, the entire breed has today a strong influence from a very few herds and sires. Reproduction is still mostly achieved using natural mating, and the males are often kept with the breeding females all year long. It is a heterogeneous breed both phenotypically and genetically. Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed the Mertolenga as a one of the most genetically diverse breeds in the country and in the Iberian Peninsula and helped classify this breed, once believed to be a variety of the Alentejana breed. These studies also showed genetic relations with other breeds in the Iberian Peninsula. Mertolenga beef currently benefits from several certifications, the most important one being the PDO – Protected Denomination of Origin.
PMID:38635153 | DOI:10.1007/s11250-024-03976-2