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- Dynamic principles of the microbiome and the bovine vagina: a review
Front Microbiol. 2024 Dec 5;15:1434498. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1434498. eCollection 2024.
ABSTRACT
The role of microbes inhabiting various body sites in supporting host physiology and health is substantial, and recent advancements in DNA sequencing technology have facilitated a more in-depth understanding of these microbial contributions. The influence of microbiota within a given organ can be broadly categorized as having two main functions: (1) promoting organ homeostasis and (2) creating conditions that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, thereby protecting the host from diseases. In livestock production, numerous phenotypes critical to industry outcomes are affected by the microbiome, which has sparked considerable academic interest in recent years. This review aims to analyze the extensive data available on the microbiomes of humans and other mammalian species, examining microbiome ecology to elucidate principles that may assist in interpreting data on livestock microbiomes. Additionally, the review will discuss techniques available for investigating various microbiome aspects and will examine existing data on the reproductive microbiome, with a particular focus on the bovine vaginal microbiome.
PMID:39703711 | PMC:PMC11655496 | DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1434498
- International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology: One-carbon metabolism in beef cattle throughout the production cycle
J Dairy Sci. 2024 Dec 17:S0022-0302(24)01390-0. doi: 10.3168/jds.2024-25784. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
One-carbon metabolism (OCM) is a series of connected pathways involving the methionine-folate cycles, transsulfuration, polyamine synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, free-radical scavenging, and energy metabolism. These pathways functionally depend upon amino acids (methionine, glycine, and serine), vitamins (folate, B2, B6, and B12), and minerals (sulfur, cobalt, and zinc). Growing bodies of research indicate that in beef cattle, physiological stage, nutritional plane, diet, species (Bos taurus vs. indicus), rumen protected vs. not, individual vs. combination supplementation and method of delivery all affect the efficacy of one-carbon metabolite supplementation. Infusion studies showed that supplementing methionine to growing steers improved N retention and altered hepatic activity of methionine synthase; however, only supplementing methionine without folate decreased folate concentrations in circulation. When heifers were supplemented with methionine, choline, folate, and B12 for the first 63 d of gestation, metabolomic analysis revealed increasing OCM analytes to the heifer, but a buffering effect to the fetus with minimal changes seen in hepatic metabolite abundance. Methionine supplementation to heifers during the periconceptual period increased circulating methionine but shifted fetal hepatic metabolism toward the transsulfuration pathway. Periconceptual methionine supplementation to cows increased gain and total-tract digestibility in calves post-weaning. In vitro supplementation of choline to beef cattle embryos results in calves of increased birth and weaning weight. Overall, these data demonstrate that OCM is altered in those cattle receiving one-carbon metabolites, and that a metabolic programming response is elicited in offspring receiving supplements in vitro or during early gestation. Research should be considered to maximize efficiency of beef cattle production at all stages by identifying limiting metabolites or enzymes to maximize efficiency of OCM in beef cattle, as well as to understand the concerted effects of multiple one-carbon metabolites to balance the stoichiometry of the pathway.
PMID:39701525 | DOI:10.3168/jds.2024-25784
- Antibiotic Residues in Raw Cow's Milk: A Systematic Review of the Last Decade
Foods. 2024 Nov 24;13(23):3758. doi: 10.3390/foods13233758.
ABSTRACT
The inappropriate use of antimicrobials in dairy animals can lead to residues in raw milk and in dairy products. Foods containing residues of this nature, whether in the short, medium, or long term, cause serious health harm. Absence of these compounds in foods should be a premise for declaring safety. This systematic review aimed to identify the antibiotic residues most frequently found in raw bovine milk and the methodologies used to detect such residues over the ten years from 2013 to 2023. PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed, by searching the Web of Science, PubMed Central, Scopus, and Springer databases. The search strategy identified 248 articles, and after applying the selection and quality assessment criteria, 16 studies were selected. The number of samples analyzed was 411,530, of which 0.21% tested positive for some type of antibiotic. Eight classes and 38 different types of antibiotics were identified. The most common class was tetracycline, with emphasis on sulfonamides and quinolones, which have shown increasing prevalence among residues in milk in recent years. A total of 56.25% of the studies employed rapid kits to detect residues, 18.75% chromatography, and 25% both techniques. Antibiotic residues in bovine raw milk should be a great concern for animal, environmental, and human health.
PMID:39682830 | PMC:PMC11639761 | DOI:10.3390/foods13233758
- Advances in chemistry of CALF-20, a metal-organic framework for industrial gas applications
Chem Commun (Camb). 2024 Dec 13. doi: 10.1039/d4cc05744a. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
The metal-organic framework CALF-20 is a super-stable adsorbent utilised for carbon dioxide capture and storage in cement plants. Furthermore, recent findings suggest its potential for various gas-related applications. In this brief review, we summarise ten years of research on CALF-20, emphasising its historical background and key findings. We discuss its flexibility, stability, processability, and tunability, detailing how these properties contribute to advancements in CALF-20 chemistry. We believe that this information will provide a better understanding of CALF-20 and assist in evaluating the potential of both novel and existing materials for gas-related applications.
PMID:39668774 | DOI:10.1039/d4cc05744a
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Cattle in China in the Past 10 Years
Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2024 Dec 12. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2024.0120. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a significant pathogen that can cause foodborne illnesses and pose a serious public health problem. To date, no systematic evaluation or meta-analysis of STEC carriage in Chinese cattle has been conducted. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of STEC in cattle in China over the past decade. We retrieved 1868 articles from 6 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and Baidu). Based on criteria such as sample source, isolation time, and species, we selected 39 studies (comprising 16,437 samples from 14 provinces) for systematic review and meta-analysis. The analysis results indicated that the pooled prevalence of E. coli in cattle during the selected time period was 6% (95% CI: 0.03-0.09). Subgroup analysis revealed variations in STEC positivity rates across different sectors. The highest positivity rate was observed in the slaughter and processing sector (12%, 95% CI: 0.03-0.17), followed by the retail sector (6%, 95% CI: 0.01-0.13), with the breeding sector showing the lowest rate (5%, 95% CI: 0.03-0.17). Among the regions studied, Shandong exhibited the highest pooled prevalence (15%, 95% CI: 0.01-0.30), followed by Hebei (12%, 95% CI: 0.00-0.30) and Hubei (11%, 95% CI: 0.03-0.09). These findings indicate an uneven distribution of STEC in cattle across China. Our systematic evaluation of data over the past decade provides insights into the prevalence of STEC in cattle in China. These findings may assist in the prevention and control of STEC in cattle in the country. We recommend conducting further epidemiological investigations and establishing comprehensive surveillance programs to identify risk factors associated with STEC in cattle, thereby enhancing prevention and control strategies.
PMID:39667745 | DOI:10.1089/fpd.2024.0120
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Ethiopian cattle
Vet Anim Sci. 2024 Nov 14;26:100410. doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100410. eCollection 2024 Dec.
ABSTRACT
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a severe respiratory disease in cattle, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. It poses a major threat to cattle health and livestock productivity. We aimed to pool CBPP prevalence estimates from different regions of Ethiopia, assessing implications for cattle management and productivity. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, HINARI, Google, and Google Scholar from January to February 2024. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression tests were used to assess publication bias and small study effects. A pooled prevalence and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated using R software. Twenty-three studies, covering 52,373 cattle, showed high heterogeneity (I² = 99 %, p < 0.0001). The pooled CBPP prevalence in Ethiopia was 13 % (95 % CI: 7-21 %). Geographic differences, sampling methods, and cattle management practices influenced prevalence rates. There was no indication of publication bias (Egger's test, p = 0.618). Prevalence was highest in the eastern (18 %), western (15 %), northern (14 %), and southern (4 %) regions. The prevalence was 16 % post-2016, compared to 8 % before 2016. Meta-regression showed that study location, herd size, body condition, and publication year significantly impacted CBPP prevalence. Small herds had 59 % lower CBPP risk, and animals in poor condition had 2.34 times higher odds of CBPP. The findings suggest a changing prevalence trend and emphasize the need to update CBPP prevention and control policies.
PMID:39639871 | PMC:PMC11617256 | DOI:10.1016/j.vas.2024.100410
- A review of key microbial and nutritional elements for mechanistic modeling of rumen fermentation in cattle under methane-inhibition
Front Microbiol. 2024 Nov 21;15:1488370. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1488370. eCollection 2024.
ABSTRACT
The environmental impacts of livestock agriculture include the production of greenhouse gasses (GHG) such as methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation. Recent advances in our understanding of methanogenesis have led to the development of animal feed additives (AFA) that can reduce enteric CH4 emissions. However, many interacting factors impact hydrogen (H2) and CH4 production and AFA efficacy, including animal factors, basal diet, particle and fluid outflow, microbial populations, rumen fluid pH, and fermentative cofactor dynamics. Characterizing the response of rumen fermentation to AFA is essential for optimizing AFA implementation. Mechanistic models of enteric fermentation are constructed to represent physiological and microbial processes in the rumen and can be updated to characterize the dependency of AFA efficacy on basal diet and the impacts of AFA on fermentation. The objective of this article is to review the current state of rumen mechanistic modeling, contrasting the representation of key pools in extant models with a particular emphasis on representation of CH4 production. Additionally, we discuss the first rumen mechanistic models to include AFA and emphasize future model needs for improved representation of rumen dynamics under CH4-inhibition due to AFA supplementation, including the representation of microbial populations, rumen pH, fractional outflow rates, and thermodynamic control of fermentative pathways.
PMID:39640851 | PMC:PMC11617157 | DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1488370
- Biosecurity Strategies for Optimization of Calf Health in North American Beef and Dairy Operations
Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2024 Dec 3:S0749-0720(24)00051-3. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.11.004. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
As the operations we serve continue to evolve, it will be essential to safeguard calf health to optimize future productivity in the beef and dairy industries. Veterinarians serve a critical role of educating producers and overseeing worker training protocols by communicating consistent messaging on the importance of biosecurity. Managing biosecurity for calves within the beef industry will always be directly impacted by the pathogen exposure from new additions to the herd, shared grazing sites, fomites, and environmental factors. Effective quarantine strategies for new cattle and contact between cattle of various ages will be crucial for protecting future calf performance.
PMID:39632235 | DOI:10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.11.004
- Biosecurity Practices for Mycobacterium aviun subspecies paratuberculosis Infection, Salmonellosis, and Bovine Leukemia Virus on Cattle Operations
Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2024 Dec 3:S0749-0720(24)00050-1. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.11.003. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection, salmonellosis, and bovine leukosis virus are important dairy and beef cattle diseases from a health perspective. For herds without infection, keeping the disease out through testing of source herds should be prioritized. For herds with infection, control programs should be instituted and followed to reduce the prevalence and ultimately eliminate the disease.
PMID:39632234 | DOI:10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.11.003
- New approaches in bovine spermatozoa evaluation and their relationship with male fertility
Anim Reprod Sci. 2025 Jan;272:107656. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107656. Epub 2024 Nov 26.
ABSTRACT
Male fertility potential depends on physical, endocrine, and genetic factors responsible for producing functional male gametes. Although the main function of the male gamete, the spermatozoon, is to deliver its genetic material to the oocyte, this premise has been modified over the past few years. It is believed that the spermatozoon provides essential factors for fertilization and pre-implantation embryo development. A viable/healthy spermatozoon has functional subcellular compartments (nucleus, acrosome, midpiece, and flagellum) due to the actions of proteins, transcripts, and epigenetic marks in the organelles present in them that have important roles in reproductive biology. Male fertility potential reflects viable spermatozoa with proper function. Therefore, new approaches to functional sperm analysis are essential. Additionally, intrinsic factors and sperm molecules constitute potential biomarkers of viable spermatozoa and male fertility. Among these factors are proteins, the genome, and coding and non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs, that act during fertilization and early embryo development. Research has been seeking increasingly efficient tools to predict fertility and functional studies of these molecules through gene and protein expression. Thus, analytical tools are essential to identify and classify viable and functional spermatozoa, to evaluate assisted reproductive male potential.
PMID:39616724 | DOI:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107656